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Mani (prophet)
Mani (in Middle Persian Māni and Syriac ''Mānī'', Greek , Latin ''ラテン語:Manes''; also , Latin ''ラテン語:Manichaeus'', from Syriac ''Mānī ḥayyā'' "Living Mani", ), of Iranian origin,〔.〕〔.〕 was the prophet and the founder of Manichaeism, a gnostic religion of Late Antiquity which was once widespread but is now extinct. Mani was born in or near Seleucia-Ctesiphon in Parthian Babylonia (in modern Iraq), at the time still part of the Parthian Empire. Six of his major works were written in Syriac Aramaic, and the seventh, dedicated to the Sassanid shahanshah, Shapur I, was written in Middle Persian, his native language.〔Henning, W.B., ''The Book of Giants'', BSOAS, Vol. XI, Part 1, 1943, pp. 52–74: ''"...Mani, who was brought up and spent most of his life in a province of the Persian empire, and whose mother belonged to a famous Parthian family, did not make any use of the Iranian mythological tradition. There can no longer be any doubt that the Iranian names of Sām, Narīmān, etc., that appear in the Persian and Sogdian versions of the Book of the Giants, did not figure in the original edition, written by Mani in the Syriac language."''〕 He died in Gundeshapur, under the Sassanid Empire.
==Sources==
Until the 20th century, no reliable information on Mani's biography was known. Such medieval accounts as were known are either legendary or hagiographical, such as the account in ''Fihrist'' by Ibn al-Nadim, purportedly by al-Biruni, or were anti-Manichaean polemics, such as the 4th century ''Acta Archelai''. Among these medieval accounts, Ibn al-Nadim's account of Mani's life and teachings is generally speaking the most reliable and exhaustive. Notable in this account is the near-complete absence of the "Third Ambassador", who is merely mentioned with the name ''bašīr'', "messenger of good news", and the absence of the topos of "Mani the Painter" (which in other Islamic accounts almost completely replaces that of "the founder of a religion").〔W. Sundermann, "(Al-Fehrest, iii. Representation of Manicheism." ), ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', 1999.〕
In 1969 in Upper Egypt a Greek parchment codex dating to ''ca.'' 400 CE was discovered. It is now designated ''Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis'' because it is conserved at the University of Cologne. It combines a hagiographic account of Mani's career and spiritual development with information about Mani's religious teachings, and contains fragments of his writings.
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